Home › School › Maths
Grades 2–4 · about 13 min · Free

Multiplication: fast repeated adding

Multiplication is a shortcut for adding the same number many times. Instead of adding 4 + 4 + 4 slowly, you can say '3 times 4' and get the answer faster. Once you see multiplication as repeated adding — and as rows and columns — the times tables stop being something to fear and start to make sense.

Times means groups of

The times sign × means 'groups of'. So 3 × 4 means 'three groups of four', which is 4 + 4 + 4 = 12. Multiplication is just repeated addition written the short way, and it saves a lot of time when the groups are big.

A clear way to picture it is an array — rows and columns of dots. Three rows of four dots is 3 × 4, and you can count 12 dots altogether.

3 × 4 = 12
Three rows of four dots: 3 × 4 = 12.

Order doesn't matter

Just like adding, multiplication can be done in any order and gives the same answer. 3 × 4 and 4 × 3 both equal 12 — three rows of four has the same number of dots as four rows of three, just turned on its side.

This is really useful: it halves how many facts you need to learn, because knowing 6 × 7 also gives you 7 × 6. It also lets you multiply in whichever order is easier for you.

Worked example
Work out 5 × 3.
  1. 5 × 3 means five groups of three (or three groups of five).
  2. As repeated adding: 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3.
  3. Count up: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15.
Answer: 5 × 3 = 15

Learning the tables, and handy tricks

The times tables are just the answers to these facts, and knowing them by heart makes all later maths faster. A few tricks help: multiplying by 10 just adds a zero (7 × 10 = 70); multiplying by 2 is doubling; multiplying by 5 gives answers that always end in 0 or 5; and anything times 1 stays the same, while anything times 0 is 0.

Practise a little each day and the facts stick. They are the toolkit you'll reach for in division, fractions, area, and almost everything ahead.

Check yourself

Try these. Pick an answer to see whether it's right and why.

What does 3 × 4 mean?
The × sign means 'groups of', so 3 × 4 is three groups of four, which is 4 + 4 + 4 = 12.
3 × 4 is the same as:
Multiplication is repeated adding: three groups of four is 4 + 4 + 4 = 12.
If 6 × 7 = 42, what is 7 × 6?
Order doesn't matter in multiplication, so 7 × 6 is also 42.
What is 7 × 10?
Multiplying by 10 just adds a zero: 7 × 10 = 70.
What is 5 × 3?
Five groups of three: 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15.

In a nutshell

Finished? Mark this lesson done — it's saved in this browser.